Wizards start out with a few basic weapons, such as a quarterstaff, but the vast majority of their power is focused in their Spellbook. At level 1, their spellbooks contain 3 cantrips and 6 1st-level spells. Your amount of spell slots for each level spell increases as you gain levels. The primary trait of a wizard when it comes to spellcasting is their intelligence, as they tend to learn spells through dedicated study and book-reading. Therefore, the intelligence stat is one of the most important stats for a wizard.
As long as they have enough spell slots to do so, wizards have the power to discover spells during their adventures. They can then copy these spells into their spellbook. (For example, a wizard might find a spell written on an ancient scroll in a dungeon, or hidden away in an evil fortress.) To use a discovered spell, though, they must spend time preparing the spell. This includes deciphering it, and practicing the gestures and incantations needed for it. Alternatively, ritual spells do not require preparation whatsoever.
Besides spells, wizards also get a few physical weapons. As a wizard, you can choose a quarterstaff or a dagger, a component pouch (for material spellcasting) or an arcane focus (for a spellcasting focus), and either a scholar's pack, which includes a Backpack, a book of lore, a bottle of ink, an Ink pen, 10 sheets of Parchment, a little bag of sand, and a small knife, OR an explorer's pack, which includes Includes: a Backpack, a Bedroll, a Mess kit, a Tinderbox, 10 torches, 10 days of Rations, a Waterskin, and 50 feet of Hempen rope. You can have 2 out of these 6 skills, as well: Arcana (magic), History, Insight (deception), Intelligence, Medicine, and Religion.